Hi Listed in 10 More American Industrial Disasters!.

Hi Listed in 10 More American Industrial Disasters!.

7

Washburn A Mill Explosion

1878

As we learned from the previous list of American Industrial Disasters (Imperial Sugar Refinery explosion of 2008)– organic dust of any type can become explosive under the right conditions. On May 2, 1878: The Washburn “A” Mill in Minneapolis was destroyed by a flour dust explosion, killing 18 people. The mill was rebuilt with updated technology and the explosion led to new safety standards in the milling industry.

The first Washburn A Mill, built by C. C. Washburn, in 1874, was declared the largest flour mill in the world upon its completion. On May 2, 1878, a spark ignited airborne flour dust within the mill, creating an explosion that demolished the Washburn A, and killed 14 workers instantly. The ensuing fire resulted in the deaths of four more people, destroyed five other mills, and reduced Minneapolis’s milling capacity by one third. Known as the Great Mill Disaster, the explosion made national news and served as a focal point that led to reforms in the milling industry. In order to prevent the buildup of combustible flour dust, ventilation systems and other precautionary devices were installed in mills throughout the country.

By 1880, a new Washburn A Mill opened as the largest flour mill in the world. At the peak of the Washburn A Mill’s production, it could grind over 100 boxcars of wheat into almost 2,000,000 pounds of flour per day.

Hi - Worst Air Pollution Disasters!!."

Hi - Worst Air Pollution Disasters!!."

The "Donora Death Fog"

The anniversary of the worst recorded industrial air pollution accident in US history - which occurred 50 years ago this October in Donora, Pennsylvania - will go virtually unmarked. The Donora incident, which killed 20 and left hundreds seriously injured and dying, was caused by fluoride emissions from the Donora Zinc Works and steel plants owned by the US Steel Corporation.

Horror visited the US Steel company-town of Donora on Halloween night, 1948, when a temperature inversion descended on the town. Fumes from US Steel's smelting plants blanketed the town for four days, and crept murderously into the citizens' homes.

If the smog had lasted another evening "the casualty list would have been 1,000 instead of 20," said local doctor William Rongaus at the time. Later investigations by Rongaus and others indicated that one-third of the town's 14,000 residents were affected by the smog. Hundreds of residents were evacuated or hospitalized. A decade later, Donora's mortality rate remained significantly higher than neighboring areas.

The "Donora Death Fog," as it became known, spawned numerous angry lawsuits and the first calls for national legislation to protect the public from industrial air pollution.

For giant fluoride emitters such as US Steel and the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa), the cost of a national fluoride clean-up "would certainly have been in the billions," said Sadtler. So concealing the true cause of the Donora accident was vital. "It would have complicated things enormously for them if the public had been alerted to [the dangers of] fluoride."

"Pollution from the Donora Zinc Works smelting operation and other sources containing sulfur, carbon monoxide and heavy metal dusts, was trapped by weather conditions in the narrow river valley in and around Donora and neighboring Webster.

"Air pollution problems were recognized from the facility as early as 1918, when the plant owner paid off the legal claims for causing pollution that affected the health of nearby residents.

"In the 1920s, residents and farmers in Webster took legal action again against the company for loss of crops and livestock. Regular sampling of the air was begun in 1926 and stopped in 1935."

"Before the Donora smog, neither manufacturers nor public health professionals considered air pollution an urgent issue. At the annual meeting of the Smoke Prevention Association in May 1949, a leading industrial physician and consultant to insurance companies dismissed air pollution as a threat, except 'on rare occasions [when] Mother Nature has played us false.''

"The studies of the Donora Smog did not fix blame and could not document levels of pollution beyond workplace limits set at the time. The Public Health Service recommended a warning system tied to weather forecasts and an air sampling system be installed to avoid future incidents. The lessons learned at Donora resulted in the passage of the 1955 Clean Air Act and began modern air pollution control efforts in the Commonwealth.

Hi Importance of Our Industry; Historic Case's!.

Hi Importance of Our Industry; Historic Case's!...,

@ Meuse Valley Disaster...,

The Meuse River Valley west of Liäge, Belgium was the sight of the first extensively documented, and one of the worst, industrial air pollution disasters. Several thousand persons became violently ill, and sixty persons reportedly died from died from atmospheric poisoning between December 3-5, 1930. During those three days, a "soupy" mixture of industrial smoke and fog covered the entire country. It was most concentrated along a length (20 km) of the narrow (1 to 2 km) River Meuse to a height of 60 to 80 m.

Victims, who were primarily elderly, suffered from acute respiratory problems. These included shortness of breath and hoarseness, persistent coughs, production of a frothy phlegm succeeded by a pus like mass, nausea, and vomiting. Deaths were attributed to acute heart failure. While most of the victims were predisposed to injury, because of previously weakened lungs and hearts, other younger and healthier individuals also became seriously ill. Similarly, cattle exhibited the same symptoms, and some died, along with birds and rats in the contaminated area.

@ London...,

Fossil fuel combustion (fire places and coal burning plants), combined with fog, accounted for even greater disasters in London, England during the 1950's. A total of 4,075 deaths were attributed to atmospheric pollution that occurred in December, 1951. Another 1,000 deaths above the normal rate were subsequently attributed to a toxic fog that only lasted 18 hours in 1956.

@ Los Angeles...,

A new form of atmospheric pollution. "smog", was recognized in Los Angeles in the 1940's to 1950's. It is formed by atmospheric reactions with automobile exhaust (smoke) and fog. The highly oxidizing smog in Los Angeles is composed of a mixture of ozone, nitrogen oxides, and peroxidized organic compounds (e.g., peroxyacetyl nitrate or PAN). The problem is exasperated by the geography of the Los Angeles basin, which tends to trap the smog during summer periods. The 1960 California Health Department Survey: Air Pollution Effects Reported by California Residents noted that three fourths of the population in metropolitan areas of southern California experienced peculiar burning and annoying irritation of their eyes during peak periods of smog; and there have been numerous acute episodes of smog since 1942.

@ Piscataway...,

Another incident occurred in Piscataway, New Jersey in 1971. It was attributed to emissions from several factories, including many chemical plants, and from traffic in the surrounding area. Symptoms included excessive lacrimation (tearing), reddened throats, breathing difficulties, cough, chest pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, and tingling in the extremities.

A Hi Brief History of Fans "A Residential Approach!."

A Hi Brief History of Fans "A Residential Approach!."

The earliest electric fans appeared in the early 1880’s. The fan was basically a blade attached to an electric motor. The development of the fields of Electrical Engineering and Aeronautical Engineering paralleled each other in the industry of electric fans.

The early electric motors were bipolar. They were direct current, with all exposed workings. The early blades were adapted from the windmill, with usually six pie shaped flat leafs of brass. Speed control was attained using resistance. In almost all cases resistance wire was used, and in a few cases, the light bulb was used a resistance. These early fans were either a novelty, or an expensive appliance, used in large offices or wealthy homes.

After Tesla’s work on Alternating Current motors, most makers moved toward that standard. In the early 1890’s, motors were becoming enclosed. Fan cages appeared. The cage was not there to protect the user, as much as to protect the expensive fan and blade from damage. The blade designs remained six wings. The Alternating Current motor was controlled using induction, rather than resistance.

Around 1900, blade designs began to change, along with increased competition. The earliest oscillating fans began to appear. First they were wind driven, and by 1904 the first mechanical oscillating fan appeared. By 1906, all electric motor theory was done. The only improvement on motor design would come in the 1930’s. The biggest improvement in motors was improved insulation for copper wires used to wind motors. Until the early 1890’s, these wires were wrapped with silk, and later cotton covered wire as insulation. An enamel insulation improved, smaller wires could be used, and thus smaller motors made.

By 1910, most fan makers were using rounded edge blades, if not designs they had patented themselves. All major manufacturers were making some form or wind driven, or mechanical oscillator. Motors were all enclosed by now as well as smaller in size.

The decade of 1910-1920 brought major changes. Around 1910, electric fans were being made for residential use. These “Residential Fans” were made for the bedroom. They had six wings, and ran at a slower speed for quietness. Fans were still a major appliance. By 1912, makers were able to “spin” brass housings on small fans. Shortly afterward, they could “spin” or stamp steel for motors as well as bases. As World War 1 neared, there were brass shortages, due to the need for brass in ammunition. By the end of this decade, brass cages had been replaced by steel cages. All blades were now rounded in shape. Motors shrank from 8” diameter down to 5”. Almost all makers used black as their color on the fan bodies, but General Electric went to a deep green color.

By 1920, refrigerated air was appearing in commercial buildings. Fan makers began to market fans more towards residential use, as the new refrigerated displaced their commercial markets. Makers began experimenting with design changes. Two competitors introduced fans designed as radio speakers, in a brown wood-grain finish. Late that decade, General Electric introduced the overlapping blade, which operated much more quietly. These early blades also were made of aluminum, rather than steel. Aluminum was being used more now in manufacturing.

Early in 1930, a young woman named Jane Evans came to St. Louis to do some interior design work. She was introduced to the President of Emerson Electric. She proposed a radical stylish design. In 1932 Emerson introduced the Silver Swan. 

It used a blade made of aluminum, but was based on a yacht propeller design. The design was a major success, and probably helped Emerson survive the Depression. More and more aluminum was used for blades and designs varied greatly. Many colors were offered including Ivory, Forest Green, Dark Brown, Chrome, Nickel, Motors received their last important change. Emerson introduced the capacitor start motor. 

These started faster, ran quieter and were much more efficient. Motors were now as small as 4” in diameter and could propel a 16” blade made of aluminum. Cast aluminum blades appeared, using the latest aeronautical designs.

In the 1940’s we were a Nation at war. Fan makers used their capacity to help with the war effort. Few if any electric fans were made for the market. There were no design changes. Production restarted after war ended, with the same designs as pre-war.

By 1950, air conditioning was becoming available for homes. A few makers offered fans for homes with wooden cases, to blend with the televisions. The introduction of residential refrigerated air, was the onset of decline for the table fan. During the decade of the 1950’s, not much changed in fans. 

Cost cutting took over design as a selling point. Cheaper fans were made. Some used nylon for gears, versus brass or steel. Colors introduced were Grey, Aqua, Turquoise, as well as wrinkled finishes in paint.

By the 1960’s, most makers began to phase out their fan lines. By the late 1960’s, the last of the good fans were being made.

- "Information Provided by Steve Cunningham."

Hi Industrial Ventilation!.

Hi Industrial Ventilation : A Practical Overview 

Air pollution and health;

The health effects of air pollution have been subject to intense study in recent years. Exposure to pollutants such as airborne participate matter and ozone has been associated with increases in mortality and hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. 

These effects have been found in short-term studies, which relate day-to-day variations in air pollution and health, and long-term studies, which have followed cohorts of exposed individuals over time. 

Effects have been seen at very low levels of exposure, and it is unclear whether a threshold concentration exists for particulate matter and ozone below which no effects on health are likely.

Hi Air-conditioned Ants!.!

The secret behind their vast underground cities...  Hi ventilation...,

They are known for their industrious nature, but the humble ant's sophisticated home-making skills has left some of the brightest scientific minds in awe of the tiny creatures.

Researchers have discovered the vast underground colonies where up to seven million of the insects live have their very own in-built ventilation shafts.

It is thought the 'air-conditioning' helps ants tend to a delicately-balanced fungal garden that feeds their young.

"Hard workers: Underground ant colonies are so complex, they even have ventilation shafts"

"Sophisticated: Scientists could not work out how the ants build nests that stayed at the right temperature... until now"

For years scientists have been at a loss as to how the industrious ants were able to keep their nests at just the right temperature to allow the fungus to grow... until now.

New research has shown that the insects make specially-constructed turrets which ventilate the nests for optimum growth.

'The ants construct the turrets by stacking sand grains and little balls of clay that they mould with their [jaws].'

When pores collapsed under water, the walls would compact - and immediately the worker ants removed the materials and re-worked the turret wall.

The scientists said the research confirmed that ventilation turrets were 'built structures' as opposed to passive deposition of excavated soil, a technique used by other ant species.

Hi Translated study guides (LEED 2009)!.

Hi Translated study guides (LEED 2009)!.

Hi Translated study guides (LEED 2009) are now available for free. 

'Hi Study' with the comprehensive LEED Green Associate and LEED AP study guides — and prepare for your LEED professional exam in Arabic, Chinese, Portuguese and Spanish.

USGBC Resource Site Store Links;

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• LEED Green Associate Study Guide
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• LEED Green Associate Study Guide
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• LEED AP BD+C Study Guide
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Portuguese

• LEED Green Associate Study Guide
• Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide
• LEED AP BD+C Study Guide
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Spanish

• LEED Green Associate Study Guide
• Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide
• LEED AP BD+C Study Guide
• LEED AP O+M Study Guide

Please note: LEED professional exams will test LEED 2009 material until June 15, 2014. Then, beginning on June 30, 2014, exams will test LEED v4 material. There will be no exams administered from June 15-30, 2014. 

View & Save Download Hi Shelf Available Arabic Resource Full Documents; (New On Site Download!.)

Hi Shelf Accesses; Arabic; Study Guide;

LEED AP BD+C Study Guide

LEED AP O+M Study Guide

LEED Green Associate Study Guide

Hi Employment! Get The Five (5) Top Tips Here!.

Hi Employment! Get The Five (5) Top Tips Here!.

"Congrats, you are finally graduated from your University. The only snag is where and how to find a new job corresponding to your studies? Here are some tips for you."

1. Well-presented and coherent resume and cover letter;

First of all, make sure to have a correct and coherent resume and cover letter. State explicitly there why you are the best candidate for a given job offer. 

In other words, “be clear”. 

Ask an advice from an expert if needed be to correct some mistakes there in. Information has to be coherent in the resume and the cover letter. 

Before writing them down, read the job description and carefully target it to your desire to work in the company. 

Go online or on TV and try to discover what is the job seeker searching for as well as key elements that ca be discussed during a probable interview.

2. Searching scrupulously;

Depending on studies you have followed, you can start researches. 

Job application may not be directly answered a few days after the deposit.

Nevertheless, you will need to be patient and keep on searching. 

There are hundreds of websites on the Internet that can provide you with job offers that can meet your needs and requirements. 

Search on newspapers, keep connected with friends and ask them if there is an offer somewhere that may be interesting for you.

3. Use social networks;

Social networks can work for both personal and professional use. 

Get involved in professional social networks, participate in forums and do not hesitate to show your degree and competences off. 

Networking is considered to be the number one in networking strategy. 

Sooner or later, you will receive an answer from a recruiter. 

You can also use options such as online notification to remind and alert you of a job offer.

4. Do what it takes to stand out among the crowd;

Human resources boards receive and have to read about hundreds of resumes per day.

They do not have enough time to read them carefully. Due to this situation then, you have to find ways to make your resume stands out from others. 

Copy paste from the Internet can be a real danger.  

Online models are quite the same and using them is giving HR chances not to read yours. 

Moreover, target your documents (letter of application and cover letter) to the special job you are applying for. 

Make sure it does not contain error. You can also call the employer and share your excitement and enthusiasm concerning the job offer.

5. Be confident and don't give up;

Take this last tip in your heart. 

You may have tried everything but the future still remains unopened. 

Getting discouraged can happen to everyone and especially to students searching for their first or their new job. 

Looking for a job is a competitive market. 

If you give up too early, you are losing the trade. 

Even if many people are lacking of motivation and initiate, let it be not you. Perseverance is important in any field of life.

Hi Top 10!Hi Top 10!Hi Top 10!Hi Non-Government Organizations & Hi Successful Traders Ever!

Hi Top 10!Hi Top 10!Hi Top 10! Hi Non-Government Organizations & Hi Successful Traders Ever!.

Hi Top 10 successful traders ever!.

"There is a big difference between an investor and a trader although both of them can be ruined or wealthy. Starting a trade may not require huge investment or bank loan.

Some of the worldwide traders managed to go through certain trials and still remain leaders of the best trades of all times."

1. The art of speculation (Jesse Livermore);

This art became even more thriving at Jesse Livermore’s call on the 1929 Crash.

Through studies and gambling, this trader started his fame when he predicted both the 1907 and the 1929 stock market crash. 

From nothing, he succeeded in piling up to $100 million.

2. Understanding the dynamics (Paul Tudor Jones);

Paul Tudor Jones when predicting the Black Monday of 1987 understood a sequence of events that will lead him to success. 

If the market started to go down, instead of drying up, the selling would actually cascade. 

This means that an overvalued market is sure to create more selling. 

Gambling on this technique makes him win about 100 million.

3. Break of the Bank Of England (George Soros);

George Soros made fairly $1 billion by shorting the sterling pound. Although considered as being reckless, this gambling was more than rewarding. 

He managed BOF to withdraw from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) in the exact date of September 16, 1992.

4. Bet on Japanese assets (Templeton Shorts);

This trader invested $100,000 stake in Japan in 1954 to go out with $55 million in 1999.

Right after that, Japan was beginning its three-decade long economic miracle. 

He nearly put about 60 percent of his fund in Japanese assets which was a full success.

5. Oil trade (Andrew Hall);

The barrel of oil was trading at in $30. 

Andrew Hall gambled that this price would reach $100 per barrel within five years which actually became true in 2008. 

Citigroup, his employer made fortune and the trader returned home with $100 million.

6. Flipping (Paul Rotter);

Dwelling on the basis of the market’s psychology, this technique proved to be successful in handling and mastering markets. 

Rotter Paul is the initiator of this trade when he executed trades on the Eurex exchange mainly in the Bund, in the Bobl and Schatz interest rate futures.

7. Shorting real estate market (John Paulson);

Foreseeing the asset bubble in real estate brought several billions of dollars on Wall Street. 

Famous for accomplishing the greatest trade ever, John Paulson made $15 billion in 2007 whereas he only planned pocketing $3.7 billion.

8. Prescient short-seller (Jim Chanos);

Jim Chanos got famous at the demise of Enron in October 2001. He profited from selling of commodity, currency and security. 

Its famous successful shorts include Baldwin-United and lately homebuilders like KB Home (NYSE: KBH).

9. Gambling on Geopolitical play (Louis Bacon);

In 1990, Bacon anticipated the invasion of Saddam Hussein in Kuwait. Right the following year, he gambled that the U.S would defeat Iraq with the oil market recovering. 

Betting and anticipating a geopolitical event to make the most in trading field.

10. Investing in distressed assets (David Tepper);

Tepper’s track record in distressed investing proves otherwise to be a success. 

He bet the Bank of America and Citigroup wouldn’t be nationalized and he won a lot. 

He bought severely depressed shares and saw them quadrupled in value in the end of the year 2009.

Hi Top 10 Non-Governmental Organizations worldwide!.

"Organizations get involved in a myriad of fields. They are promoting development in the country they are working and even in the whole world.  

The most famous and high-ranking NOGs are presented below."

1. Wikimedia Foundation;

This organization is indubitably taking the first position in this ranking. 

Wikimedia Foundation is celebrated among Internet users. Its actions are focused on encouraging the growth and the development of the distribution of free knowledge on the Web. 

Wikipedia contents are multilingual making the program reachable by anyone provided they are using Web. Other collaborative projects are attached to this program.

2. Partners In Health;

Partners In Health comes in the second rank of the list. 

Different people on various ethnic groups from all over the world are enjoying its services. 

This organization is promoting a holistic approach for fighting against infectious disease. 

Based on solidarity and charity, the organization’s missions are both based on moral and medical root.

3. Oxfam;

This NGO gathers 17 organizations of international confederation in 92 countries. 

Its goal remains fighting against injustice of poverty and promoting change in an individual’s life and country as well. 

Long-term and sustainable solutions are provided during rounds in these countries.

4. International Rescue Committee;

On the next position comes the International Rescue Committee. 

This association is giving long-term way out to the world’s worst humanitarian crises.

It is also helping in helping each individual of a community to survive and rebuild their lives. 

This NGO is present in over 40 countries and in 22 cities in the United States of America.

5. PATH;

PATH also known as Program for Appropriate Technology in Health is coming in the next rank. 

This association is working with both private and public sectors with an aim to higher up advancing technologies to tackle global health challenges.

6. CARE International;

Born during the World War II, CARE International began sending care packages to people in need during the after-war period. 

The organization sent food and other necessities to European citizens in difficulties. Now, the NGO helps more than 12,000 people in 87 countries in the world. I

ts aim is to fight against poverty and promote equality.

7. Médecins Sans Frontières;

Founded in Paris in 1971, the organization began delivering emergency aid to people that are affected by armed conflicts, healthcare exclusion and other natural or man-mad catastrophe. 

Now, Médecins Sans Frontières is enlarging its space work to helps peoples from all around the world.

8. Danish Refugee Council;

During these past few years, this association is considered as the world leader in Collaborative Humanitarian Efforts. 

The Council now helps millions of people in all corners of the earth.

9. Ushahidi;

The latest being founded (2007) compared to the ninth in this list, Ushahidi means ‘testimony’ or ‘witness’ in Swahili, Nairobi. 

It contributes to the UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs’ ‘Standby Volunteer Task Force’ for Libya.